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- Managing Return On Investment - A Strategy
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- Return on investment compounded by time equals wealth.
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- Consider an Individual Retirement Account (IRA) in the
- implementation of this concept. An annual $2000 investment
- earning an 8% return will build a $518,000 nest egg over a
- forty year period. The same annual investment, earning 12%
- will produce nearly triple that amount, $1,534,000, over the
- same period.
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- Value ($ thousands)
- Yrs Amount 2% 4% 6% 8% 10% 12% 14% 16%
- ┌─────┬─────────┬────────────────────────────────────────┐
- │ │ $20,000 │ │
- │ 20 │ + │ 79 103 138 185 249 337 457 620 │
- │ │ $2000/yr│ │
- ├─────┼─────────┼────────────────────────────────────────┤
- │ │ $20,000 │ │
- │ 30 │ + │ 117 177 273 428 668 1081 1732 2777 │
- │ │ $2000/yr│ │
- ├─────┼─────────┼────────────────────────────────────────┤
- │ │ │ │
- │ 40 │ $2000/yr│ 121 190 310 518 885 1534 2684 4720 │
- │ │ │ │
- └─────┴─────────┴────────────────────────────────────────┘
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- If one does not live ostentatiously, this difference may seem
- unimportant, as half a million dollars seems quite sufficient
- for retirement. Until one considers inflation. Adjusted
- downward to today's dollars, assuming 6% inflation, one's
- purchasing power would be reduced to $121,000 (8%-6%=2%) and
- $310,000 (12%-6%=6%), respectively. The importance of
- achieving the higher rate of return now becomes quite clear!
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- But how can an individual monitor his rate of return and
- thereby hopefully control its direction? One approach would
- be to invest solely in low-risk original issue fixed income
- instruments (e.g. bonds, CD's, and Treasury notes) with the
- intent to hold to maturity. One could then determine the
- approximate rate of return at any one time by computing a
- dollar weighted average of the coupon rates of all securities
- held. However this approach would be self-defeating because
- the rates of return one would inevitably receive would not
- exceed inflation by much over the long term.
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- The higher return on investment needed to retire confortably
- generally requires investment in equities and/or investment in
- fixed income instruments timed to take advantage of interest
- rate swings. This can be done directly or through mutual funds.
- However, since such investments do not have fixed rates of
- returns nor guaranteed redemption values, determining and
- tracking one's rate of return becomes important, yet is also
- more difficult.
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- In the case of mutual funds, one might try to rely upon the
- return rates stated by the fund managers or reported by tracking
- services. These rates, however, are for a specified time
- period, and generally will not represent the rates one has
- actually achieved. This is due to the differences in timing and
- amount of an investor's actual remittances and redemptions
- versus that assumed for the fund's reported rate.
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- The resolution to the timing issue is to compute return on
- investment (ROI) using the internal rate of return method. This
- calculational technique takes into account both the timing and
- dollar weighting of cash flows into and out of a portfolio as
- well as initial and ending portfolio values.
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- Because internal rate of return must be computed using iterative
- calculational method, for all practical purposes it must be
- calculated by computer. Techserve, Inc.'s family of portfolio
- managers, PFROI, CAPTOOL, and PFPRO, compute IRR-ROI as well as
- perform many other portfolio management functions.
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- A typical strategy for an investor using PFROI or CAPTOOL would
- be to set a target rate of return pegged to an index such as the
- S&P 500 index or the consumer price index. For example, he may
- wish to exceed the S&P 500 index by 3% (because dividends not
- included in S&P 500), but also at a minimum exceed the CPI by at
- least 8% over the long run. Since PFROI and CAPTOOL can both
- track up to three indices at a time, the user would record the
- value of these indices each time a portfolio valuation is
- recorded and stored.
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- The investor then would have PFROI or CAPTOOL generate perform-
- ance reports to see how the portfolio has performed versus these
- indices over both the long and short run. Lagging performance
- versus the S&P 500 would indicate that the investor is being too
- conservative in investment selections and should re-evaluate his
- holdings. Failure to stay ahead of the CPI growth rate by the
- target margin would indicate a need to rebalance the portfolio
- in favor of more inflation-proof holdings (e.g. real estate,
- REIT's).
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- Upon nearing retirement, an investor would then typically reduce
- his targeted return and re-deploy his assets accordingly in
- favor of safety. Investors who have successfully pursued their
- strategy, however, may find themselves with excess funds which
- they can commit to a separate aggressive portfolio in pursuit of
- additional growth in wealth during retirement.
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